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      021.MySQL增删改查
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        <h4 id="DDL数据库与表的增删改查"><a href="#DDL数据库与表的增删改查" class="headerlink" title="DDL数据库与表的增删改查"></a><strong>DDL数据库与表的增删改查</strong></h4><h5 id="数据库操作"><a href="#数据库操作" class="headerlink" title="数据库操作"></a><strong>数据库操作</strong></h5><div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="SQL"><figure class="iseeu highlight /sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mysql -u root -p;  <span class="comment">/*回车输入密码，登录mysql*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">show</span> <span class="keyword">databases</span>;  <span class="comment">/*显示所有的数据库*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">create</span> <span class="keyword">database</span> 数据库名 <span class="built_in">CHARACTER</span> <span class="keyword">SET</span> utf8 <span class="keyword">COLLATE</span> utf8_general_ci;  <span class="comment">/*创建数据库*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">drop</span> <span class="keyword">database</span> 数据库名;  <span class="comment">/*删除数据库*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">use</span> 数据库名;  <span class="comment">/*选择指定数据库*/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

<a id="more"></a>

<h5 id="表和字段的操作"><a href="#表和字段的操作" class="headerlink" title="表和字段的操作"></a>表和字段的操作</h5><div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="SQL"><figure class="iseeu highlight /sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">show</span> <span class="keyword">tables</span>;  <span class="comment">/*显示当前所选数据库中所有的表*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">create</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名(</span><br><span class="line">    字段名<span class="number">1</span> 数据类型 [列级约束条件]，</span><br><span class="line">    字段名<span class="number">2</span> 数据类型,  <span class="comment">/*创建表*/</span></span><br><span class="line">    ......</span><br><span class="line">    [表级约束条件];</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">drop</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*删除表*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">desc 表名;  <span class="comment">/*查看表的字段定义*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">show</span> <span class="keyword">create</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*查看创建表的语句*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">rename</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> 新名;  <span class="comment">/*修改表名*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">modify</span> 字段名 字段类型;  <span class="comment">/*修改表的字段类型*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">modify</span> 字段名 字段类型 <span class="keyword">first</span>|<span class="keyword">after</span> 字段名; <span class="comment">/*修改字段排序，可改到最前面(first)或者某个字段后面(after 字段名)*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">add</span> 字段名 字段类型;  <span class="comment">/*增加表的字段*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">drop</span> 字段名;  <span class="comment">/*删除字段*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">change</span> 旧名 新名 字段类型;  <span class="comment">/*修改字段名(这里字段类型可以照旧，也可以改用新的)*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">add</span> <span class="keyword">constraint</span> 约束名 约束类型(字段名);	<span class="comment">--添加约束</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">alter</span> <span class="keyword">table</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">modify</span> 字段名 字段类型 auto_increment; 		<span class="comment">--修改字段为自增</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">MODIFY</span> 字段名 字段类型 AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span>；	<span class="comment">--修改字段为主键，自增</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

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<h4 id="DML记录的增删改查"><a href="#DML记录的增删改查" class="headerlink" title="DML记录的增删改查"></a><strong>DML记录的增删改查</strong></h4><div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="SQL"><figure class="iseeu highlight /sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*记录是指横向一行，值是指字段竖向对应的一列*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*条件运算符：=,&gt;,&lt;,&gt;=,&lt;=,!=,&lt;&gt;,BETWEEN,like,多个条件之间可以使用or and连接，语法：WHERE 列 运算符 值*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*查询记录,*表示所有字段，可指定字段输出对应值*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">where</span> 条件;  <span class="comment">/*条件查询，加where条件*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">order</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> 字段名 <span class="keyword">DESC</span>|<span class="keyword">ASC</span>;  <span class="comment">/*排序显示，语法：order by 字段名 降升序(DESC|ASC)*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">order</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> 字段名 <span class="keyword">limit</span> 第几行开始,显示几行;  <span class="comment">/*限制查询数量，从第几行记录开始显示几行记录*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">distinct</span> 字段<span class="number">1</span>,字段<span class="number">2</span>,…… <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*筛选记录，查询不重复的记录*/</span>-</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">insert</span> <span class="keyword">into</span> 表名(字段<span class="number">1</span>,字段<span class="number">2</span>,字段……) <span class="keyword">values</span>(值<span class="number">1</span>,值<span class="number">2</span>,值……);  <span class="comment">/*插入记录*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*每个字段对应一个值，也可不指定字段，但值的排序需要和字段排序一致*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">insert</span> <span class="keyword">into</span> 表名(字段<span class="number">1</span>,字段<span class="number">2</span>,字段……) <span class="keyword">values</span>(值<span class="number">1</span>,值<span class="number">2</span>,值……),(值<span class="number">1</span>,值<span class="number">2</span>,值……),(……);  <span class="comment">/*批量插入记录，用,隔开*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">update</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">set</span> 字段名=值 <span class="keyword">where</span> 条件;  <span class="comment">/*修改记录，加where条件表示修改指定值，不加则修改字段的全部值*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">update</span> 表<span class="number">1</span>,表<span class="number">2</span>,…… <span class="keyword">set</span> 表<span class="number">1.</span>字段<span class="number">1</span>=值,表<span class="number">2.</span>字段<span class="number">2</span>=值,…… <span class="keyword">where</span> 条件 <span class="keyword">and</span> 条件;  <span class="comment">/*批量修改多个表的记录，多个条件用and连接*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">delete</span> <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">where</span> 条件;  <span class="comment">/*删除单个表中的记录*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">delete</span> 表<span class="number">1</span>,表<span class="number">2</span>,…… <span class="keyword">from</span> 表<span class="number">1</span>,表<span class="number">2</span>,…… <span class="keyword">where</span> 条件;  <span class="comment">/*删除多个表中的记录*/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*不管是单表还是多表，不加where条件将会把表中的所有记录删除,所以操作时需要小心*/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

<h4 id="聚合计算"><a href="#聚合计算" class="headerlink" title="聚合计算"></a>聚合计算</h4><div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="SQL"><figure class="iseeu highlight /sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">sum</span>(字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*sum函数求和*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">count</span>(*|字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*count函数统计记录总数*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">max</span>(字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*max函数求最大值*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">min</span>(字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;  <span class="comment">/*min函数求最小值*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">sum</span>(字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> 关键字段;  <span class="comment">/*以group by 关键词进行分类求和*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">sum</span>(字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> 关键字段 <span class="keyword">with</span> <span class="keyword">rollup</span>;  <span class="comment">/*with rollup对分类求和后的结果进行再汇总,可选*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> <span class="keyword">sum</span>(字段名) <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">group</span> <span class="keyword">by</span> 关键字段 <span class="keyword">having</span> 条件;  <span class="comment">/*having 条件表示对分类后的结果进行条件过滤*/</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/*having和where的区别在于，having是对聚合后(使用聚合函数时)的结果进行条件过滤，而where是在聚合前(查询时)就对记录进行过滤，应该尽可能的对记录进行过滤，需要组合聚合函数查询可以用,号隔开*/</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>

<h4 id="记录联合查询"><a href="#记录联合查询" class="headerlink" title="记录联合查询"></a>记录联合查询</h4><p>当需要将两个或者多个表的数据合并到一起显示，需要用多个select语句时，可用union或者union all隔开即可实现。<br>联合条件：查询的列个数要相等。<br>union:会将多个查询结果合并后进行去除重复<br>union all:直接合并，不去除重复</p>
<div class="highlight-box"autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" contenteditable="true"data-rel="SQL"><figure class="iseeu highlight /sql"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">union</span> <span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名 <span class="keyword">union</span> <span class="keyword">all</span> <span class="keyword">select</span> * <span class="keyword">from</span> 表名;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></div>


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